Peter Zeihan, Author at Zeihan on Geopolitics

Dollarizing Argentina: Run-Off Elections Between Massa and Milei

Today, we’re turning our attention to Argentina’s upcoming run-off presidential election between current economic minister Sergio Massa and libertarian candidate Javier Milei. I could do a whole series on the effects of Peronism, but this time, I’ll be focusing on Milei’s proposed dollarization program.

Argentina has defaulted on its national debt nine times, and the government can manipulate events (and people) by hitting the peso printing button. Switching to the American dollar would institute some financial responsibility, but is it feasible?

Milei would need to come up with a metric-shit-ton of US dollars for this to work, but we’re still ignoring the impact on banking stability and the risk of hyperinflation. I’m not quite sold on the idea just yet, but let’s see who gets put in office before we go further down that rabbit hole.

Here at Zeihan On Geopolitics we select a single charity to sponsor. We have two criteria:

First, we look across the world and use our skill sets to identify where the needs are most acute. Second, we look for an institution with preexisting networks for both materials gathering and aid distribution. That way we know every cent of our donation is not simply going directly to where help is needed most, but our donations serve as a force multiplier for a system already in existence. Then we give what we can.

Today, our chosen charity is a group called Medshare, which provides emergency medical services to communities in need, with a very heavy emphasis on locations facing acute crises. Medshare operates right in the thick of it. Until future notice, every cent we earn from every book we sell in every format through every retailer is going to Medshare’s Ukraine fund.

And then there’s you.

Our newsletters and videologues are not only free, they will always be free. We also will never share your contact information with anyone. All we ask is that if you find one of our releases in any way useful, that you make a donation to Medshare. Over one third of Ukraine’s pre-war population has either been forced from their homes, kidnapped and shipped to Russia, or is trying to survive in occupied lands. This is our way to help who we can. Please, join us.

Hey everybody. Peter Zeihan here coming to you from Boston Harbor. The news over the weekend was that in Argentina, we had our first round presidential contest and the two finalists who will compete in the first weekend of November are a guy from the ruling party, the protest. He’s the economy minister and a guy from the libertarian field, which is Javier Malay.

And apologies if I got that name right. If you win, I’ll learn to pronounce your name. Just ask Birdie Mohammed off of Turkmenistan. Okay, let’s see what to say. Malays. Big thing is that he wants to do away with the Argentinean peso and institute a dollarization program. Three big things for us. Number one, this is more than just some financial chicanery.

This has really real implications for the Argentineans, as well as everybody else in the neighborhood, because the financial strategies of the protests are a little wackadoo. Peronism is a very nonstandard, political and economic ideology, and it combines things the worst aspects of Venezuelan socialism with corporate Nazi ism. So basically under a cult of personality on top of that.

So if you can imagine AOC of the squad and of the American Congress, you know, one of those really, really, really left wing weirdos having a lovechild with Donald Trump. I mean, it would be an ugly, ugly, ugly, hideous child. But that’s basically what Peronism is. And among other things, it’s heavily unionized. But the government represents the unions, and it believes that the government should be able to print currency and any volume to pay for everything so long as you’re a political ally.

Needless to say, this has gotten Argentina into a lot of financial trouble over the last century. They’ve defaulted on their debt, I think nine times, and it should be a very successful country based on their demographics and the geography. But policy keeps getting in the way. So if you’re an American who thinks that you can do no wrong.

Bear in mind that if you wake up every day for decades, just try to wreck everything you can eventually become Argentina. So there is a limit to what we can get away with now with that kind of in your back pocket. Let’s talk about the impacts here. If dollarization worked, it would destroy the ability of the proneness or really any government in Argentina to use their central bank and their currency in order to manipulate events.

And that is honestly the idea here that Melaye has is this if we can wreck their ability to do what they’ve been doing these last 90 years, then that entire political ideology will die on the vine because they’ll actually have to then balance the books and do things like have petitions, responsibility. And in that sort of environment, people who can do math are going to do better than people who cannot do math.

So this is there’s more at stake here than simply having a balanced budget is about eliminating what has been the dominant ideology of the country has been very, very damaging for generations. But to number two, it’s not easy. The first step to erasing the economy is to remove all the pesos from circulation. And that means that the Argentine government under Melaye would have to go out and get a lot of U.S. dollars to buy back all the currency.

And the government is completely broke. One of the reasons why the Peruvians are printing currency like mad. So the first thing they would have to do is come up with billions and billions and billions of dollars in order to buy up all the old currency. Now, doing that is beyond the government’s capacity right now, unless they do a mass devaluation and if they devalue the peso by at least, say, three quarters.

So make it worth at most 20 to 25% of what it’s worth. Now. Then the number of dollars that you need would be significantly less. So in order to stop the budget largesse and the hyper inflation that comes from that, the first step would be to trigger hyperinflation. Needless to say, that would have not just economic but political outcomes.

So not something that could be done easily, lightly or without consequences. Which brings us to the third thing, whether or not it would even work. The whole idea of dollarization in the handful of countries that have done it is they believe that their institutions are not sufficiently responsible to be granted independent monetary policy and control over printing press.

So by doing away with that completely, basically ending the central bank, you then have a system where everyone is beholden to a much more responsible monetary regimen that of the United States. You know, you can cue the laughter for those of you who are gold bugs out there. The issue with this is that there’s more things that the central bank does and just regulate the currency.

There are also the lender of last resort. They’re also the regulator for the banking sector. And if you have a central bank that does not have the capacity to step in and help the banks in a system that is as fiscally wobbly as Argentina, you’re also going to have a bank run, a bank collapse and nothing behind it to stabilize it.

So for this plan to work, not only do a lot of things have to go right that are beyond Argentina’s control, but Argentina would have to enter through a series of banking and fiscal reforms in a matter of days that most countries take a generation to do. There’s a reason why dollarization, as a rule, is not something that states do, and it’s certainly not a quick fix.

It requires years of reforms, and it’s not clear that the political and economic system in Argentina has that sort of durability or attention to detail. So honestly, dollarization, as a rule, reminds me a lot of Boston’s participation in the Revolutionary War or modern sports. They hit hard right out of the gate. They pick a lot of fights, and then they largely sit out for the rest of the season.

Armenia – Azerbaijan War: Turkey and Iran at Risk

After Azerbaijan’s lightning assault on Nagorno-Karabakh caused ethnic Armenians to flee the region, there’s potential that Azerbaijan will continue to invade Armenia proper.

The motivation for this second phase of the invasion would be to control a land corridor connecting different parts of Azerbaijan. Thanks to Stalin’s chaotic cartography, this region’s power dynamics are just a tad messy. Now mix in some complex geography and bippity-boppity-boo; welcome to the Caucasus.

There is a more significant issue playing out behind the scenes, though. If Azerbaijan is successful in this second invasion, it would place Turkish and Iranian powers within spitting distance of one another. And I can assure you that no one wants to see how that plays out.

Here at Zeihan On Geopolitics we select a single charity to sponsor. We have two criteria:

First, we look across the world and use our skill sets to identify where the needs are most acute. Second, we look for an institution with preexisting networks for both materials gathering and aid distribution. That way we know every cent of our donation is not simply going directly to where help is needed most, but our donations serve as a force multiplier for a system already in existence. Then we give what we can.

Today, our chosen charity is a group called Medshare, which provides emergency medical services to communities in need, with a very heavy emphasis on locations facing acute crises. Medshare operates right in the thick of it. Until future notice, every cent we earn from every book we sell in every format through every retailer is going to Medshare’s Ukraine fund.

And then there’s you.

Our newsletters and videologues are not only free, they will always be free. We also will never share your contact information with anyone. All we ask is that if you find one of our releases in any way useful, that you make a donation to Medshare. Over one third of Ukraine’s pre-war population has either been forced from their homes, kidnapped and shipped to Russia, or is trying to survive in occupied lands. This is our way to help who we can. Please, join us.

Hey everybody. Peter Zeihan here coming to you from an exciting hotel room. The news I wanted to talk today is about something that has to do with caucuses again. For those of you who remember a few weeks ago, the Azerbaijanis launched a fair bit of a lightning assault on a place called Nagorno-Karabakh, which is an area that was populated with ethnic Armenians.

And the war was over in less than three days. And pretty much all of the Armenians who were living there have since absconded and left for Armenia proper, where there’s now going to be, it looks like a second phase of that conflict where the Azerbaijanis are likely to invade Armenia proper. What’s going on here is that the Azerbaijanis are looking for a land corridor to connect to parts of the country in order to explain the significance of that and have to do a little bit of screen sharing here to Google Zoom, which was Earth, which is one of my favorite programs ever.

Anyway, here we are looking at where the former Soviet space in the north meets with the Middle East in the South and the Caucasus is this mountainous land bridge in between. And let’s just go through a little bit more, okay. So the northern caucuses or the greater caucuses is this line here very rugged, very steep, home to a lot of ethnic minorities like you would expect in any number of mountainous zone.

This is an area where the Russians have always had a problem. The Chechens, if you remember them, live right here. And then you’ve got these two little enclaves in the north, Abkhazia here in South Ossetia here, where the Russians have sent in troops and basically occupy them and make them de facto Russian territory. And some people would say that the Russians are basically trying to do this in Ukraine as well.

But it’s I think it’s important to understand that for the Russians, it’s all about controlling the access point. So that’s Ukraine, where that’s the worst that they’ve watched here in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The Russians know that their population is dying out. So they believe that they came forward, positioned troops in the access points that they will have an easier time defending themselves.

So there is a coastal road here in Kasia. There’s a path that links the northeast Russian province, which is part of the Russian Federation with the South Ossetian province, which is part of Georgia. And they’re trying to plug those access points. So you’re going to see a lot of this, whether it’s in Central Asia or the western periphery that is near Europe.

And that actually is kind of relevant to the discussion about what’s going on in this region and where media. Now, here we’ve got the former Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan, the capital here is Baku. It’s got about half the population, the entire place, the former Soviet Republic of Europe, an independent Armenia, is right here. You have the Turks over here and the Iranians to the south know Egypt a little bit more.

And Yerevan, capital of Armenia, Mt. Ararat, is a zone that supposedly Noah’s Ark crashed into as the floods receded. It is the national symbol of Yerevan, of the Armenians, and it is not in their territory, it’s in Turkey, but they can see it. A dominates the skyline from the capital. Nagorno-Karabakh is this mountainous zone over here. This is the area that the Azerbaijanis recently liberated from Armenian control and the caravan, which is right here, is that chunk of Azerbaijani territory that the Azerbaijani would like to physically connect to the country.

And if all of this seems like just cartographic spaghetti, it is. And you can think Joe Stalin for that, because at the time that the Soviet Union was gaining control of this area in the twenties, he went through and modified all the borders to make sure that if any of these areas ever got independence again, that it would immediately be at one another’s throats.

And he wielded his pen with extreme levels of skill so that the people a little bit closer. The dominant issue in this area actually isn’t the Russians. The Russians had a defense agreement with the Armenians until very recently, and I guess technically it’s still in force. But the Russians have moved most of their troops out, moved them to Ukraine because they need every pair of hands and every gun.

And yet and that’s kind of held this area frozen. But once you get into the lesser Caucasus, remember greater Caucasus, which are the North less your Caucasus or this kind of broad zone in the south, the mountains are nearly as onerous. It’s still mountainous, it’s still difficult. But there are a lot more corridors that access this area. And in this zone, it’s traditionally not been the Russians that have been the major power.

It’s been either the Turks or the Iranians. Well, let’s see here on that. The local powers have always had those Turks and Armenians is accessing one another’s land. The Turks and the Iranians have always had a bit of a problem rubbing up against each other. There are a number of mountain passes and access points and corridors that allow access, but they’re all seasonal and limited, with one exception.

And that is this right here. This is the Cross River, and this is the best point of access between Anatolia or Turkey or the Turks in Persia or Iran in the Arabians. The thing is, Stalin, again, it’s split. So in the north, the northeast section of that corridor is controlled by Armenian. It’s home to the Armenian, the capital of Europe in the northwest chunk is controlled by the Turks and is home to Mount Ararat.

The Southeast Choke is Nikitin and it is controlled by the Azerbaijani and in the southwest Choke is Iranian, right here in Iranian Azerbaijan. So goes the thinking. The Iranians are really happy with the current state of affairs because if this corridor is split into four different chunks, then no one can really use it to pour Turkish power down into northern region.

However, what’s going on with the Azerbaijanis is they want a corridor that crosses this zone of southern Armenia and directly links Azerbaijan to Nikitin. And then there’s a road and rail system here that goes into Turkey proper. If that happens and you have Turkish power controlling over half of the corridor and the Turks can directly reinforce Baku by road and by rail.

And from the Iranian point of view, this would be a disaster, a disaster from Armenian point of view as well. Not only would they lose control of some of their southern territories, but then they would be completely locked off and surrounded by Turkish power. And if you’re familiar with your history, the Armenian genocide carried out by the Turks in World War One was pretty brutal.

And so the Armenians are looking for anything, anything to kind of grab on to a degree of independence. They need a security gear, a security guarantor. And if they can’t have the Russians and the Iranians or the all the other player in town in Azerbaijan getting control of southern Armenia would basically end that forever. And then it would just be a matter of time before Armenia itself becomes a state repeating of the Turkish system, rather than the Iranian or the Russian system, something that the Armenians would rather avoid.

But for the Iranians, this is also a national issue, because this corridor, if you continue following the south, eventually reaches the city of Tabriz, which is the capital of the northern region. Excuse me, if Iran and northern Iran is primarily populated by ethnic Azeris who are basically the same ethnic stock as the folks who run as a region.

So they have always been the group in Iran that the Iranians have been most nervous about exercising a degree of independence, that the Turks get de facto control of this area, all of a sudden that is very much in play. So we have a situation here where maybe the Russian are only being stage left because of the situation in Ukraine.

They can only focus on the things that are core to them. And since they control Abkhazia and South Ossetia, they control the access points to the Northern Caucuses, and they’re kind of declaring that good enough. But with the Turks now rising, we’re going to have a second level of contest in this region between the Turks and the Iranians, with the Azerbaijanis being a very, very, very willing ally.

So what we’re going to see over the next several weeks or months, something that the United States is concerned about, is this point becoming in play, because if that becomes in play, then this whole or all of a sudden becomes in play. And we need to start thinking about what it means to have Turkish troops in the cave in hard on another part of the Iranian border.

That’s where it is. Okay. I think that’s everything. You guys take care.

The US Credit Rating, Budget Deficits and Debt

We’ve all heard about the drop in the US credit rating, but what does it mean? Given the United States’ size and global standing, the resulting impact on financing costs is nominal. Think of this like your personal credit rating – sure, life’s easier with an 850 credit score, but a 700 isn’t the end of the world.

The bigger concern lies in the worsening fiscal conditions caused by growing budget deficits. With successive administrations exacerbating this issue and the Boomers transitioning from taxpayers to tax beneficiaries, the US has its hands full. And that’s before you mix in threats of the US not fulfilling its debt obligations…

The mounting uncertainty around this issue could impact credit costs and everyday financial transactions. So, unless there’s a massive shift in political responsibility and involvement, this budget deficit issue will remain hardwired into our system.

Here at Zeihan On Geopolitics we select a single charity to sponsor. We have two criteria:

First, we look across the world and use our skill sets to identify where the needs are most acute. Second, we look for an institution with preexisting networks for both materials gathering and aid distribution. That way we know every cent of our donation is not simply going directly to where help is needed most, but our donations serve as a force multiplier for a system already in existence. Then we give what we can.

Today, our chosen charity is a group called Medshare, which provides emergency medical services to communities in need, with a very heavy emphasis on locations facing acute crises. Medshare operates right in the thick of it. Until future notice, every cent we earn from every book we sell in every format through every retailer is going to Medshare’s Ukraine fund.

And then there’s you.

Our newsletters and videologues are not only free, they will always be free. We also will never share your contact information with anyone. All we ask is that if you find one of our releases in any way useful, that you make a donation to Medshare. Over one third of Ukraine’s pre-war population has either been forced from their homes, kidnapped and shipped to Russia, or is trying to survive in occupied lands. This is our way to help who we can. Please, join us.

Hey everybody. Peter Zeihan here coming to you from Austin, Texas, at the 360 Bridge. A lot of you have written in with the same question. U.S. is credit rating has been dropped. What does it mean? Is this something we should be worried about? The very short version is ish. Whenever your credit rating gets dropped, it generally means that you get put into a different category in terms of reliability, of repayment, and that means you might have to pay a different amount to service your debt.

So imagine if you will, that you’re trying to buy a house and on your last house you just walked away and left the keys in the mailbox. That’s a hit to your credit rating. The next time you try to get a loan or that loan is going to cost you more. And since the United States government is issuing bonds, debt every single day, there’s an incremental increase in what we have to pay because of reliability.

Now, in the case of something like a country, the wobble, especially for a country the size of the United States, tends to be pretty minor. In addition, the United States is the global superpower. It is the sole global currency that is not going to change in my lifetime. And as long as that is the case, the United States kind of is the is the marker of 100% on what you can get.

And anyone who is above that kind of gets extra credit and even below that has to compare themselves to the United States. So we’re talking at most a couple tenths of a percent in the difference in what financing costs are now in a country the size the United States that comes out to something in the tens of billions of dollars a year.

So it’s not insignificant. The bigger impact is what you’re going to be feeling if you happen to be downstream of that, where your debt is indexed to what the U.S. government does. And in that sort of environment, you’re talking about your mortgage, your credit card, everything is going to get a little bit more expensive again from a very low base, but still adds up to tens, if not hundreds of billions of dollars.

A year in additional credit costs. That’s not what I see is the big concern. So let me give you two one relatively minor one that’s really big. First, a minor one. This is only going to get worse. When George W Bush was president, he issued the most debt did the most deficit spending of any president in modern history.

And then Obama came in, was like, hold my beer. And he doubled it. And then Trump was like, well, I’m the best. I’m going to make the deficit huge. And he did so. And now Biden’s and he’s trying to top Trump. So this isn’t a Democrat thing. This isn’t a Republican thing. This is just a bad math thing.

All the fiscal people who have voted based on what the federal government will do with budgets have basically been purged from the political system on both sides. And so we should expect a budget deficit to get larger and larger and larger and larger, especially as the baby boomers go from being the largest tax payers in American history to the largest tax takers as they go from people earning income and paying taxes, to people who are drawing on social Security, Medicare and Medicaid and the like.

So this is going to get a lot worse before it might start to get better in, say, the late 2013, when the boomers are mostly all gone. So bad news, but we’ll live with it. The worse thing, the concern that most folks in the markets have today isn’t that the U.S. can’t pay. After all, the U.S. Federal Reserve has the ability to control the money supply with the click of a button and can basically print enough currency to buy all the government debt.

And that’s exactly what we’ve done in the last four presidents. However, the concern now is that the U.S. won’t pay. Donald Trump said we could renegotiate or abrogate some of the debt, which is the sort of thing you hear out of Greece or Argentina or Cuba. And in the current environment, we’ve had a number of people across the political spectrum heavier on the right, but not exclusively, who have tried to use the ability in Congress to shut things down.

Maybe it’s a program. Maybe it’s debt repayment. Maybe it’s the government itself. But basically saying that we abrogate responsibility for taking care of any of this anyway. And if the U.S. were to just walk away from any of its debt, whether it’s because we apply something like Monod, monetary theory or we just simply shut down the Treasury Department, then all of a sudden you’re talking about the biggest financial asset class on the planet being thrown into question.

And in that sort of environment, if just the fact that this is even a minor risk, just the point that this is a point of discussion, is sending up American credit costs of ECB, the rest of the world, and that very rapidly turns into $1,000,000,000,000 question. Now, if for an economy the size the United States military, the size of the United States, the reach of the United States, the U.S. dollars, complete domination of the financial space, $1,000,000,000,000 question is almost a rounding error.

But you will feel it each and every time you make your credit card payment. Get a mortgage, get a car loan. This is now hardwired into the system until such time that we have a twist in our political system that injects a little bit more responsibility. That’s not going to be this presidential cycle.

Unifor Strikes: Issues with the Canadian Industrial System

Unifor – a Candian public service union – has declared a strike on the St. Lawrence Seaway (a crucial maritime transport route). This has essentially cut off the direct delivery of seaborne goods from the Canadian interior and will disrupt the entire industrial base.

Strikes like this shouldn’t come as a surprise. With the population in decline, labor shortages will become the status quo. That’s before we mix in policies like the Jones Act, which places added stress on the Canadian system.

As bad as this strike may seem, we’re only looking at the tip of the iceberg. And if employers don’t begin fostering healthier relationships with their workforces…

Here at Zeihan On Geopolitics we select a single charity to sponsor. We have two criteria:

First, we look across the world and use our skill sets to identify where the needs are most acute. Second, we look for an institution with preexisting networks for both materials gathering and aid distribution. That way we know every cent of our donation is not simply going directly to where help is needed most, but our donations serve as a force multiplier for a system already in existence. Then we give what we can.

Today, our chosen charity is a group called Medshare, which provides emergency medical services to communities in need, with a very heavy emphasis on locations facing acute crises. Medshare operates right in the thick of it. Until future notice, every cent we earn from every book we sell in every format through every retailer is going to Medshare’s Ukraine fund.

And then there’s you.

Our newsletters and videologues are not only free, they will always be free. We also will never share your contact information with anyone. All we ask is that if you find one of our releases in any way useful, that you make a donation to Medshare. Over one third of Ukraine’s pre-war population has either been forced from their homes, kidnapped and shipped to Russia, or is trying to survive in occupied lands. This is our way to help who we can. Please, join us.

Hey everybody. Peter Zeihan here coming to you from Grand Rapids, Michigan. And the story today on the 23rd of October is that yesterday a Canadian public service union by the name of Unifor announced a strike on the Saint Lawrence Seaway. And there’s a bunch of things that come from this. Number one, what the Seaway is. It is a system of locks, I think 14, that connect the western Great Lakes to the St Lawrence Seaway itself, which goes out to the Atlantic Ocean.

It is the primary artery for getting cargo from the interior of the continent as well as from all of Ontario and Quebec out to the Atlantic Ocean. A Basically without the Seaway, you can’t go up river beyond Quebec City. And so you’re talking about the bulk of the industrial base of Canada being affected by this. In addition, the Seaway is part of what allows the Erie Canal to work, which allows the New York area to access the interior of the continent as well.

So as long as it’s off line, what is traditionally the primary and cheapest method of moving cargo in and out of interior? Canada is off line. And it complicates things for the United States as well. We’re going to see a lot more stuff like this coming forward. One of the things that’s going on right now in North America is that we are experiencing protracted population decline because we’ve had low birth rates for 40 years.

Now it’s not nearly as advanced as it is in places like Northeast Asia or Europe, but it’s still a factor. And in the United States, specifically in calendar year 2022, the difference between the retirees who are 18 to 65 and the people coming into the workforce who are aged into 18 was just under a half a million workers shortage just in this calendar year.

And that number is going to continue to be negative for a minimum of the next 20. In fact, it’s just going to go up and up and up for at least the next 11 because the people already been born. We know exactly what the inflow into the labor market is for the next decade or two. Two decades. Yeah.

Anyway, so that’s kind of the first problem. The second problem is there’s not a good alternative for the Canadians, courtesy of something called the Jones Act. You really can’t use the American Waterway Network. It prevents any cargo from being transported through the American system unless it’s using a ship that is American built, owned, captained and crewed, which by definition eliminates pretty much everything that comes from Canada.

So we’re going to be seeing a lot of stress in the Canadian system and a lot of stress, especially in greens, a lot of interior Canada. Their only way to get to the wider world is to use the Seaway. Their only alternative is to use rail now to a place like the Quad Cities in Iowa or all the way to New Orleans, which is, you know, technically possible, but a lot more expensive anyway because of the worker shortage.

We’re going to be seeing activities like this over and over and over again in the United States. We’re having issues with the United Auto Workers in places like Detroit right now, where they’re on strike. And the folks up in Canada are thinking they should be able to get at least as much out of their operators as the strikers are aiming for.

And so the is a 30 to a 40% wage increase to be phased in over three years, but not say that they’re not worth it. I don’t know what I am saying. That is in an environment where labor is ever more scarce in North America, you should expect to see more and more and more industrial labor action at all levels.

And this is just part of the environment now, so you best get used to it. And if you’re an employer, you’re best built as positive a relationship with your workers as you possibly can because they have become something that we’re not used to thinking of workers in North America as a scarce resource, and they’re going to be priced accordingly.

All right.

The Third Shale Revolution: Reshoring Manufacturing

The third piece of the shale revolution is all about timing. As the world shifts from globalized supply chains to more localized and secure means of production, utilizing cheaper energy sources and products will be essential.

The US has become the lowest-cost-highest-quality producer of intermediate materials, meaning much of the leg work to reshore supply chains and manufacturing has already been done. So what do we have to show for it?

Between agriculture, wiring, textiles and refined products, the US has shaken up dozens of industries and ramped up reshoring efforts. While industrial construction spending has grown significantly, we must maintain that growth to retain this newly added competitive advantage.

Reshaping the US manufacturing landscape is no easy feat, but access to cheap power and materials surely doesn’t hurt. With the foundation already laid, the US has a considerable leg up on other potential sources like China and the Persian Gulf.

Here at Zeihan On Geopolitics we select a single charity to sponsor. We have two criteria:

First, we look across the world and use our skill sets to identify where the needs are most acute. Second, we look for an institution with preexisting networks for both materials gathering and aid distribution. That way we know every cent of our donation is not simply going directly to where help is needed most, but our donations serve as a force multiplier for a system already in existence. Then we give what we can.

Today, our chosen charity is a group called Medshare, which provides emergency medical services to communities in need, with a very heavy emphasis on locations facing acute crises. Medshare operates right in the thick of it. Until future notice, every cent we earn from every book we sell in every format through every retailer is going to Medshare’s Ukraine fund.

And then there’s you.

Our newsletters and videologues are not only free, they will always be free. We also will never share your contact information with anyone. All we ask is that if you find one of our releases in any way useful, that you make a donation to Medshare. Over one third of Ukraine’s pre-war population has either been forced from their homes, kidnapped and shipped to Russia, or is trying to survive in occupied lands. This is our way to help who we can. Please, join us.

Hey everyone. Peter Zeihan coming to you from Colorado where fall has firmly set in. Today we’re into the third part of a three part series on the shale revolution. The third shale revolution. Phase one was the production side. Phase two is processing and turning things into fuels and intermediate materials that we use in pretty much everything. And the third revolution is everything.

One of the truisms of the last 70 years of globalization has been that material production and manufacturing moves to wherever the competitive advantage happens to be, regardless of national identity. And that means that a lot of energy intensive industries moved out of the United States, particularly after 1973, because oil prices were cheaper or electricity high prices were cheaper, natural gas prices were were cheaper.

Or the processing process was less expensive, usually due to things like labor and environmental restrictions that we might have here that we don’t have in places like, say, China or Egypt that is in the process of unwinding that between globalization and a new appreciation for national security as a component of economic activity. More and more things are being reassured, and the shale revolution has gotten us a jump on this because the shale revolution has provided the United States with cheaper oil, cheaper natural gas, cheaper electricity and cheaper chemical products than anywhere else on the planet.

In part, that’s because natural gas is largely a byproduct here, but mostly it’s because the break even price and a lot of shale fields is now very, very low. And in fact, in the Permian Basin, which is the largest one in the United States, which is responsible for over a third of our overall energy production, it’s less than $11 a barrel on average compared to, say, places like Saudi Arabia, where it’s really cheap but still more than 20, or places like Russia, where with all of their Siberian work, you’re talking 30, 40 and even $50 a barrel.

So huge price advantage. In addition to the changing understandings of security. And what that means is the United States already this isn’t something that’s in the future, already is the lowest cost, highest quality, lowest pollution index producer of every one of the intermediate industrial materials that can come from energy products. And what we’re seeing now in this third phase of the shale revolution is those are being turned into manufactured goods.

And it’s really difficult to find a manufacturing subsector where this is not a game changer. Let me just hit a few of the highlights. First of all, agriculture, natural gas is turned into nitrogen based fertilizers. So where the U.S. is now the world’s largest producer and we’re seeing more and more of that value add chain come back. Even when the United States became the largest producer of natural gas and ethane, we were still shipping the intermediate products abroad, primarily to places like the Middle East or China for processing to finish fertilizer.

That is changing day by day for those who you think we should go organic help god. You are so bad at math. Organic fertilizers require multiple applications over the course of the year, which requires a lot more carbon input. In addition, they require about an order of magnitude more energy to produce in the first place. And if you’re going to be moving six, seven, eight, ten times as much of the stuff, you can imagine what the carbon footprint is for transport.

The same goes for pesticides. Most pesticides in the United States now are a once or twice and done for the season, as opposed to something you have to put on every few weeks in case you want to go organic. Another industry that’s seen a lightning change is wiring, which I know doesn’t sound very sexy until you realize you just go through your life and look at everything that uses electricity that includes your car.

Even if it’s not a an electric car. Anything with a wire has to have a protein. And those coatings are almost exclusively if you produce with some sort of petroleum derivative. Normally the wires are pulled from the metal close to the point of manufacture. So every industry that reassures is going to do more and more of that at home.

And since the coatings come from a petroleum derivative, the United States now has a huge economic advantage in addition to the security advantage over almost every other player. This means that whether it is automotive or electronics or semiconductor, there’s there’s a fairly large petroleum footprint that has nothing to do with energy. One of the things that folks forget is that we use petroleum for a lot more things than just burning.

And before 2015, about one fifth of the oil that the United States used was used in refined products that were not fuels. As we double the size of the industrial plant over the next several years, that number is probably going to at least double, especially if we continue down this path of ever more fuel efficient vehicles. More and more of the petroleum we use will be used for things where it’s not burned, which means that the carbon footprint is an order of magnitude less than it is for, say, gasoline.

Okay, what’s another one? Textiles. Not everything is cotton anymore. Any type of synthetic fabric. Like, you know, what I’m like or what I’m wearing right here. That is 100% of natural gas and petroleum derivative. And as such, that is the frontier in low carbon clothes making, because you don’t have to grow this. It’s just a byproduct of a natural form, of a natural, but of an industrial process where very little is actually emitted.

Polymers are all like that. Let’s see what semiconductors. I mean, obviously, the silicon is important and obviously you need dopey materials. But those dopey materials, as a rule, involve a lot of petroleum materials and there’s wiring throughout the entire process. In fact, it’s difficult to find a manufacturing sector where a petroleum derivative is not one of the top three or four components in it.

That’s true for automotive. That’s true for aerospace. That’s true for white goods. That’s true for heavy equipment. And now that all all of these materials are already being produced here, it’s really easing the pace at which the United States is reshoring industry from the rest of the world. So we have seen industrial construction spending, spending in the United States expand by roughly a factor of eight since just five years ago, and it’s almost tripled in just the last 18 months.

This is a good start. We need to do a lot more because we need to expand what we’ve done in these last five years by at least a factor of four and hold it there for at least another five years. And that will be inflationary and that will lead to labor disputes. And there’s a fierce competition among the American states as to where this stuff is going to go.

But the fact that the shale revolution has given us cheap power and cheap materials to do it at whatever scale we want. From a certain point of view, a lot of the hard stuff is already done. Everything else is a known quantity. Anyone else who wants to do this ultimately is going to have to import those materials, and there are only three real sources for them at scale.

China. The Persian Gulf. And here.

Gaza and Israel: The Start of WWIII or an Isolated Conflict?

We’ve all been following the events unfolding in Israel and Gaza, and questions of this triggering a larger conflict are starting to bubble up. To be blunt, this isn’t the start of WWIII, but let me explain why.

Of the countries in this region, there are no powers that (a) have the capacity or (b) have any interest in throwing themselves into the mix of things. The more significant concern for many is the possibility of a bigger player getting drawn into this.

The US has one thing on its mind – get our people out – everything is second to that. China might entertain the idea of involvement, but it simply doesn’t have the military capacity in this region. And Russia, let’s be honest…they have nothing to spare right now.

This region lacks a broad geopolitical significance that may otherwise entice external involvement, which means this conflict will remain an isolated issue for Hamas, Gaza and Israel.

Here at Zeihan On Geopolitics we select a single charity to sponsor. We have two criteria:

First, we look across the world and use our skill sets to identify where the needs are most acute. Second, we look for an institution with preexisting networks for both materials gathering and aid distribution. That way we know every cent of our donation is not simply going directly to where help is needed most, but our donations serve as a force multiplier for a system already in existence. Then we give what we can.

Today, our chosen charity is a group called Medshare, which provides emergency medical services to communities in need, with a very heavy emphasis on locations facing acute crises. Medshare operates right in the thick of it. Until future notice, every cent we earn from every book we sell in every format through every retailer is going to Medshare’s Ukraine fund.

And then there’s you.

Our newsletters and videologues are not only free, they will always be free. We also will never share your contact information with anyone. All we ask is that if you find one of our releases in any way useful, that you make a donation to Medshare. Over one third of Ukraine’s pre-war population has either been forced from their homes, kidnapped and shipped to Russia, or is trying to survive in occupied lands. This is our way to help who we can. Please, join us.

Hey everyone. Peter Zeihan here coming to you from No Lucky Milwaukee. Milwaukee. Okay. There has been a lot of discussion on social media in the media writ large about what’s going on with the Israelis in the Gaza operation and the term World War Three. And concerns of a broader regional conflict are everywhere. No. Just. No, no, no. There’s not a single third country that is likely to get involved in this, much less a real country like China or Russia.

So let’s start close to the situation. Explain what’s going on and then build out. So when Hamas launched their operation almost two weeks ago now. Well, no. Two weeks ago. Yeah. They caught the Israelis with their with the pants down. Looking at Gaza should have been be primary goal of an Israeli intelligence and it has been for 20 years.

The only real security threat that they face and they share a border with it and every text message and cell phone call that is made in Gaza goes through an Israeli cell tower. So they should have all the tools that we know about the people on the ground. We know that they’ve embedded within the system and they failed utterly.

So the only solution they have for rooting out Hamas is to go into the Gaza Strip and go house to house through an area twice the size of the District of Columbia with a population of 2.3 million and physically rebuilt everything from the roots. And that is a process that won’t take weeks or months. That will take years.

And when they’re done, they will then have to decide if they want to stay in occupy it or right of themselves, which they really don’t want to, or they leave and just let the next generation of whatever the replacement is for Hamas grow up. It’s an ugly situation, but it is a tempest in a teapot. It’s good for the region.

The only country aside from Israel that Gaza borders is Egypt. And people forget that the Egyptians control all the territory from 1949 to 1973 and hated it. I’d say that the only people that the Palestinians are more disliked by than, say, the Israelis are the Egyptians. And there’s absolutely no love lost. And it took Biden personally interceding to get the Egyptians to agree to allow aid into the southern crossings into Gaza.

The Egyptians would be thrilled if everyone in Gaza just dies. Jordan is a non-factor. Jordan It doesn’t really have a military worthy of the name anymore. Anyway, it’s a satellite state of Israel, so no problem there. Syria is in civil war and most of the fighting is going on in the northwest, in the northeast, parts of the country, which leaves the south.

Now, the south is primarily populated by Druze who don’t really care for the central government at all, but have sat out the war. And then you’ve got the Golan, which is unpopulated. So any effort by the central government or by the Iranian proxies in Syria would have to relocate forces from a hot front to open up a new hot front where there’s a buffer zone anyway.

And their chances of doing anything are very, very slim. I mean, this is not the Syria of 1972 when it had a military that’s been ravaged by the war and everything’s locked down. So they’re a non-factor. Then you’ve got Lebanon. Lebanon is a borderline failed state. Hezbollah is the militant group that is there. And they certainly don’t care for the Israelis at all.

But there’s two things that hold them back. Number one, they’re part of the national government. So there are other factions in Lebanon that would politically restrain them if they get too uppity, because they know that in the Israelis current state of mind, the Israelis would not think twice of sending in some assassins and just wiping out the entire government.

And that is a very focusing factor for the non Hezbollah faction factions within Lebanon. And then second, while Lebanon could definitely send Hezbollah could definitely set a lot of rockets into northern Israel, that doesn’t change what’s going on in Gaza. We’re honestly overtly shift the military disposition of the Israeli army. And Hezbollah doesn’t have an army. If they were to launch a ground invasion, they would be massacred.

So they are definitely the faction to watch, but the chances of them doing anything meaningful are very, very low. All right. Next, let the countries of Iran. The Iranians don’t have anything they can really do directly. They could launch some long range missiles. All that would do would be generates a huge amount of international condemnation. And get this, all the sanctions slammed back in in a matter of seconds might even get the United States through some slow boat trips by all of the oil platforms.

It just blow them to hell. We did that back in the 1980s. The target to watch there was a place called Kharg Island, which is their only, only oil offloading facility. You take that alone, that’s the end of the entire export industry for Iran. So it’s a question about whether they would risk that in order to do something symbolic that would have absolutely no impact on the ground.

They also have militants in Syria, but again, they’re on the wrong side of the country and they’re already engaged and if they crossed into Druse territory. The interesting because the truth about us look, they have always considered Hamas to be disposable. Hamas is Sunni and Arab, whereas the Iranians are Persian and Shia. And so it would be official position of the Iranian government is that Hamas, like all Sunni Arabs, are apostates and therefore should be wiped out and their alliance with them is purely tactical and they have played that card and now it will be destroyed and we’ll have to find a new card.

That’s Iran. That’s Iran’s entire position here. The only country that really matters. And it’s not military when it is Saudi Arabia, because the Saudi Arabians were carrying out talks with the Israelis on normalization. The idea would be that if you can get the major Arab states to recognize the existence of Israel, then eventually you’ll have this Arab wall versus the Iranians.

And it doesn’t matter what the Americans think anymore is, it’s all taken care of. The debate here is whether to continue those talks. There’s a generational split in Saudi Arabia. The older generation, the King. King Solomon likes the idea of China being the Palestinian cause and would think that if we’re going to normalize, we should get something of real substance for the Palestinians.

Maybe it’s more control of the West Bank, maybe it’s more self-governance, maybe it’s more money, maybe it’s official statehood. They’re flexible in what that thing is as long as it’s real. And then you’ve got the younger generation. Crown Prince Mohammed bin Sultan, he’s the guy who likes to dismember and barbecue journalists who couldn’t care less about the Palestinians.

He just wants them to all go away so he can get on with reshaping the region under his leadership. But think of King Solomon as the CEO who spends a lot of time fishing, and Mohammed bin Salman, the crown prince, as the CEO who actually runs the shop and we’re going to find out in the next month who actually is the major decision maker based on how this decision base of Israel goes.

But no one in Saudi Arabia is talking about resurrecting the sort of policies that Saudi Arabia enacted back in the 1970s when they created OPEC and basically shut down global oil markets until Israel was punished. That’s not even on the docket right now. So their discussion is relevant, but not from a war point of view. And that’s everybody in the region.

Let’s go out again. Start with the United States. We are not not not going to be putting boots on the ground in Gaza or Israel in order to fight this conflict or help the Israelis with the cleansing operation. So there’s never been something the U.S. has ever considered in any age, at any war in this region or anywhere else.

Israel in this region, sorry. Very important detail. What we will do is help them with intelligence and equipment and munition and what we will do is attempt to locate our own people. The Israelis have at least a hundred of their citizens have been kidnaped and take back into Gaza. There’s at least a dozen American Jews and the Israelis and the Americans have very, very different views when it comes to hostages.

The Israelis treat it as a non-factor because they don’t have they have limited resources. And if they allow their citizens to be kidnaped, allow that to dictate policy, they’re always going to be on the back foot. But the United States, number one, has a lot more resources to throw at this if it wants to. And number two, there’s a social contract between the American citizenry and its population.

Whoever you are, wherever you are, whatever you’ve done, whoever has you, we will come for you. But first we have to find you. And so the reason that we’ve got an amphibious assault group and MCU streaming to the area so that the Marines and the Special Forces have a platform to operate from. And there’s already very credible information that some special forces are already on the ground in Israel, liaising with the Israelis intelligence issues.

Hopefully, they’ll be found. Getting them out will be hideous because they’ve undoubtedly been split up and relocated to places of military significance to a loss, which means you have to go in on the ground with small forces and physically retrieve them. And that will not be pretty. All right. What else? Okay. So that’s the United States. Let’s talk China.

China can’t deploy forces past Singapore. I mean, there may be just doesn’t have a range. And in a question of Gaza, it’s just a political issue of what makes the United States look bad. And what we’re seeing here is an outcome of the catastrophic decisions that the Chinese have made over the last five, ten years in managing their own political system.

Chairman Ji is executed the messenger so many times that no one will bring him information and he’s making decisions in the dark and the bureaucracy is kind of run wild, trying to make the cult of personality happy. So they’ve sided firmly with the Palestinians so far, which is making a lot of people take note. Under normal circumstances, I would say that the Chinese have no interest in partnering with Iran because they’re the world’s largest oil importer and the Saudis are the world’s largest oil exporter.

And so they would sell out the Iranians in a heartbeat if it meant they could get a better deal with the Saudis over the long run. The concern with saying that firmly today is the decision making. The Forbidden City has collapsed so completely that it’s not even clear what degree to which JI is personally aware of what’s going on in the Middle East at all.

I’m guessing he knows more they normally would because Putin was just in town as part of the Belt and Road Summit and he probably got an earful and probably requested some more information for himself. But the capacity of China to play in this field is ridiculous. And I’m siding with the Palestinians when they’re more dependent upon the Arab states for their energy.

Security is something that has been noted in Riyadh and Abu Dhabi and in Kuwait City and all the others. The Chinese are dramatically out of touch, but regardless, they don’t have the capacity to put boots on the ground in this region. And then finally, you’ve got Russia. I don’t know if he has noticed that the Russians are in a war in Ukraine that is using all of their military bandwidth and are having a hard time operating in the Black Sea.

And they can’t get forces out of the Black Sea at wartime under a treaty called the Treaty of Montreal. So they can’t be could fly them commercially. Where would you fly into. Can’t go to Jordan. Can’t go to Israel. Can’t go to Egypt. Okay. Yeah, there’s absolutely you’d have to fly a commercial jet over the area and a parachute out the emergency exit.

I mean, just ask. Okay. So there is no one not no one. No one who is going to be sending troops or in into any sort of meaningful military operations. This is between Hamas and the Gazans and Israel, and that’s it. Economically, there’s nothing in play here. This region, Israel, Palestine, produces nothing, transits, nothing and consumes very little.

There’s not an oil story here. There’s not a lithium story or agricultural story here. There’s a horrible cleansing operation that’s about to begin, and that’s enough. But that doesn’t mean escalation is going to happen at all.

The Second Shale Revolution: Industrial Expansion

So, how did the US use all that crude oil and natural gas produced during the first shale revolution? As the need for industrial expansion grew, so did the American refining industry’s footprint.

That’s the essence of the second shale revolution – America could now turn that crude oil and natural gas into a suite of products, ranging from refined oil to intermediate chemical products.

This industrial buildout helped prop up the green transition by offering a flexible backup fuel source for solar and wind power. Ethane, a byproduct of all that natural gas production, gave way to the US becoming a major producer of fertilizers and plastics.

As the US continues to extract this light sweet crude, more processing capacity will be needed to handle the surplus. This will likely cement the US as the world’s largest exporter of energy and energy-derived products in the coming decade.

As you may have guessed, that’s not the end of shale’s story in the US…so I’ll see you tomorrow for part three.

Here at Zeihan On Geopolitics we select a single charity to sponsor. We have two criteria:

First, we look across the world and use our skill sets to identify where the needs are most acute. Second, we look for an institution with preexisting networks for both materials gathering and aid distribution. That way we know every cent of our donation is not simply going directly to where help is needed most, but our donations serve as a force multiplier for a system already in existence. Then we give what we can.

Today, our chosen charity is a group called Medshare, which provides emergency medical services to communities in need, with a very heavy emphasis on locations facing acute crises. Medshare operates right in the thick of it. Until future notice, every cent we earn from every book we sell in every format through every retailer is going to Medshare’s Ukraine fund.

And then there’s you.

Our newsletters and videologues are not only free, they will always be free. We also will never share your contact information with anyone. All we ask is that if you find one of our releases in any way useful, that you make a donation to Medshare. Over one third of Ukraine’s pre-war population has either been forced from their homes, kidnapped and shipped to Russia, or is trying to survive in occupied lands. This is our way to help who we can. Please, join us.

Okay. So yesterday we talked about the first shale revolution and how it basically gave the United States top level energy independence and natural gas and oil. Today, we’re going to talk about the second shale revolution, which is what we did with that. Crude by itself is of limited use. That’s if anything, it’s a big negative. You have to turn it into something else.

And so the second shale revolution largely is about building out the industrial plants starting in roughly 2013 to 2017 in order to massively expand the footprint of the American refining industry. And we added huge amounts of distillation capacity based on whose numbers you’re using somewhere in the equivalent of 6 to 7 million barrels per day of oil and oil equivalent to take all this oil and all this natural gas into turn into other things.

Now, natural gas you can use as a power plant, fuel, and it is the single largest source of electricity in the country, sometimes where between 30 and 40%, based on which state you’re in on average. And that has broken the connection between the United States and coal, which for a long time was our largest source. And so that switch by itself made the United States, the country on the planet that had reduced its carbon emissions the most in relative terms on a sustainable basis.

Now, there is more to it than that because it has also set the stage for the green transition. One of the big problems with solar and wind is, as you know, the sun doesn’t always shine and the wind doesn’t always blow. And so you need to have another source of energy to step in when green tech cannot deliver, especially if you’re not in a place like West Texas, where the sun is bright and the wind is strong.

The best fuel source for that that we have discovered so far is natural gas, because a combined cycle natural gas plant can spin up and down and in as little as 10 to 15 minutes, whereas a coal plant can take up to 8 hours and like a lignite plant, looks like what they use in Germany can be 3 to 4 days.

As a result, the Germans have actually seen the carbon footprint go up despite spending over €1,000,000,000,000 on green tech and transmission. And all of this is a side effect and I’m sure that the frackers who put all the natural gas in the system weren’t really thinking about natural gas and the green transition when they were doing their work.

The second thing to keep in mind is, for the most part, natural gas is a waste product with Michail sector. It doesn’t earn nearly as much on the open market as, say, oil or liquefied petroleum. Gas is like propane do, and it often comes up as a byproduct or co-production. And so it’s typically sold into the system at a loss.

So not only is the shale revolution made the United States the single largest producer of the stuff and user of the stuff, it’s at a price point that is significantly lower than everyone else, which is one of the reasons why the debate around things like the green transition in the United States actually hasn’t been nearly as rancorous as you might expect because the math has been a lot easier to do.

Having that backup fuel is all part of the Second Shale Revolution, and of course there’s more to it. Something called ethane often comes up as a byproduct of natural gas production, and ethane is a chemical that’s a little bit different from methane has an extra carbon molecule. And you can use it as the base material for any number of chemical processes.

For example, the creation of things like methanol and butadiene, which provides a whole product suite that includes things like fertilizers and plastics. And so the United States has become the largest producer of all these intermediate products as well. But the same happens with oil. There’s more to producing oil than simply making diesel and gasoline. You can make an intermediate product called naphtha, which goes on to make everything from bowling balls to insulation to diapers.

And the United States is now the largest producer in all of those as well. This second shale revolution has seen a tripling of investment into the space of industrial construction to bring all these refineries and chemical plants online. And we’re not done with the Second Shale Revolution yet. One of the freaky things about oil is it’s not all the same.

You have different grades based on contaminants and you’ve got heavy sours, which is what most of the American Petroleum Complex is designed to run on. And then you’ve got light sweets, which are rather very easy to refine. But our understanding back in the seventies, the eighties and nineties is the world had run out of that. Well, everything that comes out of shale is light sweet, because it’s trapped at the moment of formation.

It never migrates through the rock strata. It never picks up mercury, the sulfur or anything else. And because of that, we actually have a massive oversupply of light sweet in the country to the tune of 5 to 7 million barrels a day of crude oil. That’s the final stage of the second shale revolution will be building up the processing capacity to process that as well.

Now, the United States is already a net exporter of pretty much every energy product. And as we build out the refining complex in order to take advantage of this local surplus, we’re also going to become the world’s largest exporter of pretty much every energy and energy derived product as well. And that’s all probably all going to go down in the next 5 to 6 years.

And that sets the stage for the third shale revolution, which we’ll talk about tomorrow.

The First Shale Revolution: Humble Beginnings

With ExxonMobil’s acquisition of Pioneer, it’s time to kiss the days of mom-and-pop shale operations goodbye. But before we look at what’s next, let’s look at the shale journey over the last two decades.

Thanks to high oil prices in the early aughts, small shale operations could innovate and develop new techniques for extracting that black gold. Once the US was close to achieving energy independence, super majors caught a whiff of the money and started buying up those smaller producers.

This recent acquisition signals the end of an era as the super majors now dominate shale production. So what does that mean for US shale? While there will be less innovation and slower production growth, ExxonMobil will provide more stability to the industry.

But that’s only the beginning of this story…we’ll be breaking down the second shale revolution tomorrow.

Here at Zeihan On Geopolitics we select a single charity to sponsor. We have two criteria:

First, we look across the world and use our skill sets to identify where the needs are most acute. Second, we look for an institution with preexisting networks for both materials gathering and aid distribution. That way we know every cent of our donation is not simply going directly to where help is needed most, but our donations serve as a force multiplier for a system already in existence. Then we give what we can.

Today, our chosen charity is a group called Medshare, which provides emergency medical services to communities in need, with a very heavy emphasis on locations facing acute crises. Medshare operates right in the thick of it. Until future notice, every cent we earn from every book we sell in every format through every retailer is going to Medshare’s Ukraine fund.

And then there’s you.

Our newsletters and videologues are not only free, they will always be free. We also will never share your contact information with anyone. All we ask is that if you find one of our releases in any way useful, that you make a donation to Medshare. Over one third of Ukraine’s pre-war population has either been forced from their homes, kidnapped and shipped to Russia, or is trying to survive in occupied lands. This is our way to help who we can. Please, join us.

Hey everybody. Peter Zeihan here coming to you from Colorado, where the big news from last week, which was a believe the 10th of October, was that ExxonMobil, the energy supermajor, has bought up a company called Pioneer with an all stock by about $60 billion of stock. Pioneer is the single largest producer in the shale fields in the Permian Basin, which is the most productive energy basin in the world now.

So I thought it would be great to kind of take a walk down memory lane and then take us forward into what’s going on with the energy sector in the United States and the wider world starting Michele. So short version is that there have been multiple phases to the shale breakout. It all started back in the early 2000s when the United States found itself facing kind of a double bind.

We had had a coup in Venezuela, which had taken one of the major suppliers of crude for the Western Hemisphere off. And the Iraq war had started. So a major source in the Eastern Hemisphere was offline. And energy prices hit near record levels in a very short period of time. And there’s nothing like high prices to trigger the sort of activity that’s necessary to bring new supplies to the market.

And a lot of technologies that had been part of the energy matrix for decades, in some cases over a century. They started to play with them in new ways. So the two issues in question were something called fracking, which is basically injecting water into a well with a suspension of sand in order to crack the rock. And then you pull the water back out and the sand stays behind and props open the cracks.

We’ve been doing some version of this for over a century, but that was now being combined with something called horizontal drilling, where instead of just going down and punching through a cap rock to get to a reservoir, you go down and then you go laterally across a rock strata. Shale is different from normal crude. Normally, the crude migrates through the rock formation until it hits some sort of non-porous rock that it can’t pass through.

And then it builds up into kind of a pool with a lot of pressure. So when you punch through the tap rock with a drill bit, you get pressure that pushes the oil out. And then eventually you can pump water down into that formation in order to loosen up more of the oil and get even more out. Shale is different because the rock itself was never porous, and so the little bits of energy are trapped almost at the moment of formation within the rock strata.

And so you’ve got to break them out. It’s neither of these technologies were really new, but combining them was. And as is normal, when new technologies come to the fore, it’s not the big players who do it. It was the small players. So this is not ExxonMobil or Chevron or ConocoPhillips or Total or any of the rest. These are mom and pop operations who only own a few acres of mineral rights, who would drill everything that they had.

Now, the economics of that are maybe questionable, but remember, we’re in an environment of much higher oil prices. So you had small operations that were desperate to find a way to crack the code on new technologies in order to stay in business. And since we had high prices from roughly 23 until 2008, they had a long period of high prices that they were able to operate in.

And for small companies, that meant a lot of innovation. And so we developed dozens of new techniques, kind of clustered into these two general categories. And that brought a lot of natural gas, which was easier to produce into the market. And by the time we get to 2008, we’re starting to do the same thing for oil. And of course, we had the financial crisis, so everyone got hammered.

But then we had Wall Street, who was looking for new investments. And since these small mom and pops had done so well for the last few years, there was a lot of money that came in from the stock market or bonds or joint ventures, whatever it happened to be. Now, by the time we get to 2013, 2014, these technologies had matured quite a bit, and the United States was very, very close to achieving technical energy independence.

And that meant that the super majors started to come to play. Now, starting back in the 1970s, when U.S. energy production really started declining and force the super majors knowing that there wasn’t anything left in the United States with how they understood energy production, they went abroad and well, things got ugly. Most of the countries that they started producing energy and whether it was in the Middle East or off the coast of Africa or South America, didn’t have very strong rule of law.

The local energy partners were tended to be pretty corrupt and it was a crapshoot, especially since a lot of these projects were in areas with limited infrastructure. It could take ten years of investment before you saw any return, and then it might just be nationalized. So they kind of had a crap sandwich for 30 years. Well, then they look back home and they see this flotilla of small companies just making bank.

And so they started coming back to the United States and buying of the shale plays and buying up the engineers. And sometimes even these smaller companies in total in order to learn what had been developed back home. They saw a lot of familiarity because, you know, these two technologies were not breakthroughs. And of them themselves, the the the technique of combining them, that’s where the interest was.

And so year after year after year, the companies came back in greater and greater force. The company that was first for that was ChevronTexaco, because it had a lot of legacy production from the Permian Basin in West Texas, which had been part of previous oil booms. But it also had 20 layers of shale. So they were able to use their preexisting mineral rights and buy up some of the talent that was available and apply it to what they already had.

Exxon didn’t have that option. Exxon just had to come in and bye bye, bye, bye bye. And in the meantime, Pioneer, which is a company that dates back to the T Boone’s Pickens days, if you guys know that name was a legitimate producer in its own right, but it too was just basically was hoovering up all of these small companies for a decade.

You fast forward today, ExxonMobil is like, okay, okay, okay. The crap sandwich that is the international energy industry that’s not nearly as hopeful as we thought it was going to be. So we need to do something a little bit bigger. And so they found the single largest player in the Permian Pioneer. And just and when when Exxon does a merger, whoever is after the Exxon part is still, you know, technically it’s ExxonMobil, but Mobil’s long gone.

So basically, there’s been absorbed into the Borg behemoth that is ExxonMobil. Which brings us to today. This is probably the end of the first shale revolution because the character of it all, these small companies doing massive innovation that is now pretty much gone. And the majority of the shale production in the United States now is owned by the super majors again.

So we’re back to where we were in the seventies. That doesn’t mean that production growth is going to stop. That doesn’t mean that innovation is going to stop. But things are definitely going to slow down now. Exxon has a lot more market control. It has a lot more market discipline. And when you’ve got a small company that only owns a few acres, they will drill every theoretical spot that they think they can get oil out of.

But when a huge company owns hundreds of thousands of acres of mineral rights, they’re going to drill the best spots. And when those are tapped, they will then do a little bit more targeted innovation on the next best spots and so on, which means we should expect production growth to be less frenetic than we’ve seen in the past.

It doesn’t mean it’s going to stop. But, you know, in the last 15 years, the U.S. shale sector has set records for added production, I think, in nine of those years. Those days are probably behind us, will probably never add more than a million barrels a day a year again. But, you know, records exist to be broken. We’ll see now from the point of view of a normal person at the end of the first show, revolution isn’t going to seem very much different, but from within the industry, it’s going to be pretty significant.

Kind of the defining characteristic of ExxonMobil is it has all the stuff that it needs in-house. So it can’t just use these technologies or carry them forward. It can do so at scale and kind of turn it to an assembly line process. It’s much more reliable and gets more output for less input. Perhaps just as importantly, the defining characteristic of small companies is they don’t have a lot of cash, so they take it from wherever they can get.

Most of these aren’t publicly traded. So you’re talking about loans or bonds or joint production ventures or whatnot, whereas Exxon can fund whatever it wants. So in the old days now, 5 to 15 years ago, small companies were dependent upon getting capital either from regional governments or banks or Wall Street. Well, that pretty much ceases to be a concern with Exxon.

And they can do the investment day in, day out, based on their own short, mid and long term economic forecasts. And this should generate a lot more smoothness in terms of production output. But it also means that a lot of the financial ups and downs that we have seen in the energy sector that were related to things that had nothing to do with the energy sector, those are probably behind us, and it should make all of this a lot more reliable in the time to go.

And it’s time now to start talking about the second shale revolution, and we’ll hit that tomorrow.

India Assassinated a Sikh Emigrant on Canadian Soil

While giving a parliamentary testimony, Canada’s Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, accused the Indian Government of assassinating a Sikh emigrant living in Canada who supported an Indian separatist group.

Intelligence from the Five Eyes has revealed that Trudeau’s claim was valid. This is significant because it means India is willing to “take care of business” outside its borders and could impact the entire Indian diaspora globally.

This will undoubtedly strain relationships between the Five Eyes and India moving forward, but there are still greater power politics at play. Although India’s stance will tarnish some relationships, it will still benefit from the anti-China actions taken by the West and the rest of the world.

Here at Zeihan On Geopolitics we select a single charity to sponsor. We have two criteria:

First, we look across the world and use our skill sets to identify where the needs are most acute. Second, we look for an institution with preexisting networks for both materials gathering and aid distribution. That way we know every cent of our donation is not simply going directly to where help is needed most, but our donations serve as a force multiplier for a system already in existence. Then we give what we can.

Today, our chosen charity is a group called Medshare, which provides emergency medical services to communities in need, with a very heavy emphasis on locations facing acute crises. Medshare operates right in the thick of it. Until future notice, every cent we earn from every book we sell in every format through every retailer is going to Medshare’s Ukraine fund.

And then there’s you.

Our newsletters and videologues are not only free, they will always be free. We also will never share your contact information with anyone. All we ask is that if you find one of our releases in any way useful, that you make a donation to Medshare. Over one third of Ukraine’s pre-war population has either been forced from their homes, kidnapped and shipped to Russia, or is trying to survive in occupied lands. This is our way to help who we can. Please, join us.

Hey everybody. Peter Zeihan here coming to you from Colorado today. We’re going to talk about something that you guys have been writing in for weeks about what is up with the Indians and the Canadians yelling at one another over this assassination plot. For those of you who are unaware, the Canadian prime minister, Justin Trudeau, accused, who actually kind of mentioned it in passing in a parliamentary testimony that the Indian government had assassinated a Sikh emigre on Canadian soil.

The guy had Canadian citizenship. He had renounced his Indian citizenship. But the Indians have never liked this guy because he supports one of the separatist groups in India. It wasn’t a group that was part. I mean, this issue has basically been resolved in India’s favor. But he didn’t stop talking about it while he was abroad. And so as the accusation goes, the Indians wanted him dead and did it.

This has a number of implications. It took me so long just to kind of get to the bottom of it, because it involves intel that hasn’t been made public for the most part. But let’s say five things. Number one, looks like it was true. The intelligence didn’t come from Canada. It came from the United States and the Five Eyes system.

Five Eyes is a group of five Anglo countries Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States that share intelligence on almost everything. Anyway, the intelligence originated from the United States because that’s going to sound weird. Or maybe not. The United States has much better intelligence capabilities in Canada than the Canadian government does. So yeah. And then it was verified by the British government.

And the Brits have much better information gathering in India than the Canadians do. So all of the five eyes have basically kind of quietly said Canada was right on this one. That makes things a little bit complicated because, two, we have never seen the Indian government assassinate anyone outside of arm’s reach of their own borders. This is a fundamentally new capacity for them.

Now, assassinations are a little bit coming into vogue. The Russians have obviously picked up the pace for that considerably, even before the Ukraine war with radiation and poisoning and polonium being their preferred methods, although they’re not afraid of a gunshot to the head. And if you ever see somebody jumping out of a hospital window, that was only an assassination.

These kind of Russian culture are the Americans, of course, are are fans of it, too, as long as it’s done by a drone where we really frowned upon it when it’s done in person for some reason probably left over from the Cold War issues. And then, of course, the Brits are good at it anyway. Seeing this with India is significant because the Indian diaspora is arguably the largest on the planet, and if the Indian government starts patrolling it using extraterritorial and extralegal means that is going to rub a lot of people wrong in a lot of places, and eventually it’ll probably end up offing someone that actually matters to a government and not just because

it’s a citizen. So this is not yet a really big deal, but it has the potential to become a very big deal in the not too distant future. Number three, Canada is among the largest destinations for Indian students traveling abroad, and the Indian diaspora in Canada has become its fastest growing ethnic group. Now, obviously, the people who leave a country are not Brazil patriots.

So expect to see a lot more agitation within Canada as a result of this, as opposed to quieting down. If the Indian goal was to quell discussion of these topics, they probably just achieved the opposite because Canada, for all, for its faults, is a free country with a more or less free press, even if it is a little bit slanted, in my opinion.

And it’s very easy for anyone to say anything about anyone, anywhere. And because of freedom of information and the ability to send electrons around the world in a second, that will generate actually a lot more publicity in India as well. So this probably wasn’t the smartest play by New Delhi if their goal was to keep this very, very quiet.

Okay. More significantly, number four, relations with India. You know, by the five eyes putting their stamp of approval on the Canadian statement, that obviously raises the question about what relations between the Brits, the Australians and the Americans are going to be with the Indians. The Americans and the Australians are in the quad grouping with India, which is a kind of a security talk shop.

And the Brits obviously have ongoing relations and economic and otherwise with everyone who’s in the Commonwealth in their former colonies. So if you’ve got a major power, India starting to do things that are incredibly unsavory from the point of view of democratic norms, that is absolutely going to impact relations. The question is how much? The issue for the Americans and the Australians, of course, is China trying to try to try to China.

And honestly, I don’t think in this relationship we’re going to see too much of a change. Which brings us to the fifth issue, which is the nature of great power politics. When you have identified a country that you see as a large threat, a lot of the niceties that dominate the normal diplomatic and economic discourse fall by the wayside side in favor of hard security concerns.

And that means you are willing to partner with different sorts of countries and personalities that you normally wouldn’t even consider. So, for example, when Hitler was on the scene, we were best buds with Stalin, sent him billions in today’s terms, tens of billions of dollars of military aid in order to fight off the Nazis. Then when Hitler fell, we got into bed with Mao, who was the greatest mass murderer in history, in order to counter Stalin.

So the idea that we would partner with a mostly democratic but little bit unsavory India in order to counter what has become the most totalitarian government in the world. That’s an easy decision to make, but it does mean that the nature of the American and to a lesser degree British and Australian relationship with the Indians is going to change.

We never considered Stalin or Mao or French. They were allies against a very specific threat. And when that threat was neutralized, the relationship changed again. Now, there are a lot of decisions that Indians are going to have to make in the next several years as actions against the Chinese heat up. And the question will be whether or not they want a more productive relationship with these Western nations.

There’s a lot of water under that bridge. The answer may very well be no, but that means India will be doing Indian things with Indian policy for Indian interests. And to be perfectly honest, looking back on the last 70 years, that’s not much of a change. India unofficially sided with the Soviets in the Cold War, but they were very big on non-alignment for the most part carried it out.

What we’re seeing today is just kind of the slightly greater power equivalent of that same sort of political ideology. Now, sitting here in the United States, it’s easy for me to wag my finger and say that this is not the best thing for India or Indians, but I don’t get a vote in this. This is a decision to be made in New Delhi specifically, and to be perfectly blunt, in a world where lots and lots of countries are aligned against the Chinese and in my opinion, the Chinese are long for this world.

India is going to do very well regardless of what the relationship with the West happens to look like. This is their decision. Doesn’t mean we have to like it.

The Southern U.S. Border: Venezuelan Immigration

Today, we’re peeling back another layer of the U.S. immigration onion – Venezuelan immigrants. Since Hugo Chavez took power in the late 90s, Venezuela has been spiraling into a political and economic crisis, so fleeing the failing state is the best option. (The damage inflicted was so deep, and his successor so incompetent, that Chavez’s death didn’t help at all.)

These aren’t the typical low-skilled immigrants showing up at the southern border; these Venezuelans are highly skilled and educated. This begs the question – could this be the solution to the US labor shortage? The short answer is no, at least until immigration reform occurs.

But the long and treacherous journey these Venezuelans make isn’t for economic reasons; it’s simply to avoid starving to death in their home country. The dynamics of the southern U.S. border are changing, and Mexico’s role will also evolve.

Here at Zeihan On Geopolitics we select a single charity to sponsor. We have two criteria:

First, we look across the world and use our skill sets to identify where the needs are most acute. Second, we look for an institution with preexisting networks for both materials gathering and aid distribution. That way we know every cent of our donation is not simply going directly to where help is needed most, but our donations serve as a force multiplier for a system already in existence. Then we give what we can.

Today, our chosen charity is a group called Medshare, which provides emergency medical services to communities in need, with a very heavy emphasis on locations facing acute crises. Medshare operates right in the thick of it. Until future notice, every cent we earn from every book we sell in every format through every retailer is going to Medshare’s Ukraine fund.

And then there’s you.

Our newsletters and videologues are not only free, they will always be free. We also will never share your contact information with anyone. All we ask is that if you find one of our releases in any way useful, that you make a donation to Medshare. Over one third of Ukraine’s pre-war population has either been forced from their homes, kidnapped and shipped to Russia, or is trying to survive in occupied lands. This is our way to help who we can. Please, join us.

Hey everybody. Peter Zeihan here coming to you from chilly Colorado, where fall has definitely set in. Today, we’re going to talk about the situation on the southern border as regards a very specific group of people, the Venezuelans. For those of you who don’t follow South America, Venezuela used to be one of the most advanced countries in the developing world with excellent health care, education and infrastructure.

But in 1988, a populist by the name of Hugo Chavez won an election and took the country down the path into populist desolation, complete with a gutting of the industrial base, the destruction of the oil sector infrastructure fell apart over the next 20 years, and as of three four years ago, the country actually fell into famine, which is just bonkers because this is a country that used to export about 3 million barrels a day of crude and be a significant food exporter as well.

Today, well, as of the first of the year, oil output had dropped down to nearly a half a million barrels a day. They’ve increased that by maybe a third to half. At this point, well, but they import over 80% of their food. And while they’re in a bit of an ideological war with the United States, most of that food comes from the United States via Colombia, which is a country that the socialist ideologues in Venezuela say that are their enemies.

Anyway, the whole place is falling apart. Something like 7 million people have already fled the country out of a famine, population of over 40 million and more coming every day. Most of those people, single largest chunk over 2 million, have gone to Colombia. Most of the remainder are elsewhere in South America, and roughly a half a million have made the very long, very dangerous trip through the Colombian jungles and mountains.

Through the Darién Gap was a section of lowland jungle where Panama meets South America. Then, all the way up through all of Central America and all of Mexico in order to reach the United States. A couple of months ago, the Biden administration granted them a degree of protected status because these are not your normal migrants. When we think of migrants today on the southern border, we’re not thinking of Mexicans.

Mexicans are way too skilled and the situation at home, despite the crime economically, actually is pretty decent. We haven’t had positive migration out of Mexico to the United States in 15 years now. In fact, it’s been negative in most of those years with more people going home than the other way around or American Snowbird in, for example. Venezuelans are different.

Most of the Mexicans who migrated in the eighties, in the nineties, in the 2000, the 20 tens didn’t come from northern Mexico, which is the wealthy part of the country, or central Mexico, which is the political zone. But the southern areas that have kind of been left behind. They’re of a different ethnic stock. A lot more indigenous blood education levels are lower.

And that’s why Mexicans in the United States have a reputation for doing manual labor. The Mexicans who have doctorates for the most part, stay home or work in northern Mexico, and there are a lot of them anyway. The flows more recently have been Central American countries, most notably Honduras, Guatemala and El Salvador. All countries that are flirting with failed state status.

And so their infrastructure is poor, education is poor, economic outcomes are thin. Agriculture is limited to tropical, which is very low value added, does not require skilled labor force. And so these are people who are desperate to look for anything else. And so, ironically, America’s capacity to interdict migrants is seen as a plus because it means their state capacity here in the United States, which they don’t have at home.

And as long as their countries are failing, they’re going to continue to look for ways to come here. Venezuelans are from category. Any Venezuelan who is over age 45 is one who was educated in the pre Chavez days, and that means he or she benefited from one of the most sophisticated educational experiences in the entirety of the developing world before Chavez drove the entire place into the ground.

So these are people with tradeable skills, master’s and doctorate degrees, and they are walking 3000 miles for a chance to avoid famine. So I’ve often said that the only way to keep the Central Americans out is to basically shoot anyone with a tan who tries to cross at the border. That wouldn’t work for Venezuelans because where they’re coming from has fallen so far.

Its standard of living, arguably, is now below that of the central American states and is going to get worse. We are looking at outright state collapse in Venezuela and everyone who has something that’s portable, mostly a skill set, is on their way to somewhere else. So a few things to keep in mind. Number one, we are facing the labor shortage in the United States that will not let up for a minimum of 20 years at some point, the American political system is going to have to deal with that.

And our options are fewer goods, fewer services, especially for retirees and much, much higher inflation or a degree of immigration reform. Now, I don’t think we’re going to get that in the near term. It will coming up on a political election year. Both the Trump team and the Biden team are furiously anti-migrant because they’re trying to court the unions into their political coalitions.

And the unions are arguably one of the two top most anti migrant and immigration groups in American politics today. So we’re not going to get it anytime soon. And of course, in the short term, Congress is not functioning because we don’t have a speaker for the House. So there’s that to a. But these are the sort of people, honestly, that the United States has always said that it wants skilled labor, not unskilled labor.

Second, no matter what happens on the border, no matter what our policies are going to be, these people are going to keep coming because their state is literally dying behind them. And what limited capacity we have to fly them home just starts the journey again because the alternative is to starve. So that’s not great. Perhaps third, most importantly is that the nature of Mexico has really evolved in the last five years.

The Mexican birthrate started to fall 35 years ago when NAFTA was operationalized, which means that the Mexican birthrate has been falling steadily that entire time and now is only just barely at replacement levels. That means Mexico has become a net destination for inward migrants. And so for the first time and all of these conversations about the border, we actually have the Americans and the Mexicans more or less coming to the table with a similar point of view.

And that is going to provide some interesting opportunities, especially since we can’t get any sort of legislative change when it comes to managing the flows. I don’t mean to suggest for a second that the situation on the southern border is about to solve itself. Hardly, but it is about to change pretty significantly in ways that are going to have a hard time wrapping our minds around.

We’re seeing more and more skilled migration coming up from the South and that’s not what we have set in our mind. So changes to come. We’ll see where it leads.

Acceptable range (2027)

The End of the World is Just The Beginning

Disunited NAtions

The Absent Superpower

The accidental superpower

Acceptable Range (2027)

The End of the World is Just The Beginning

Disunited Nations

The Absent Superpower

The Absent Superpower

Acceptable range (2027)

The End of the World is Just The Beginning

Disunited NAtions

The Absent Superpower

The accidental superpower

Acceptable Range (2027)

The End of the World is Just The Beginning

Disunited Nations

The Absent Superpower

The Absent Superpower

Acceptable range (2027)

The End of the World is Just The Beginning

Disunited NAtions

The Absent Superpower

The accidental superpower

Acceptable Range (2027)

The End of the World is Just The Beginning

Disunited Nations

The Absent Superpower

The Absent Superpower

Acceptable range (2027)

The End of the World is Just The Beginning

Disunited NAtions

The Absent Superpower

The accidental superpower

Acceptable Range (2027)

The End of the World is Just The Beginning

Disunited Nations

The Absent Superpower

The Absent Superpower

Transcript

Transcript

Transcript

Transcript

Transcript

Transcript

Transcript

Transcript

Transcript

Transcript